The circumstances in this scene is that both men express their ideas of how Ophelia must not marry Hamlet because she must remain chaste because purity must be fundamental in all women. Perhaps Ophelia shows her unhappiness with all of this, because Laertes stating his argument that, saying, "perhaps he loves you now," but then he goes on to point out that Hamlet, as a prince of Denmark, can't marry just anyone. Hamlet is a prince, but Ophelia is not a princess, and Hamlet needs the approval of "the main voice of Denmark." What Laertes means is that Hamlet must have the permission of the King.
So, for whatever reason, Laertes is convinced that Ophelia cannot marry Hamlet. And if she can't marry him, then the relationship can only harm her. She could "lose heart, or chaste treasure open" (1.3.734). He doesn't stop there, and as he goes on, it becomes clear that although he may love his sister, he doesn't have a very high opinion of her, either. He compares her to springtime flowers, which may be diseased even before they start to bloom. Finally, he reminds her that she is young, and "youth to itself rebels, though none else near" (1.3.735), meaning that young people do stupid things, even without being tempted.
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